Here is a list of top ten most significant contributors to this field of medical sciences:

10. Joseph Lister and William Morton

Though these two gentlemen never worked together still I’ve taken the pain to bring them together for it was their individual contributions that together made surgery endurable.

When Lister began his medical education, surgery had mortality rate of over 50℅. If a person was able to survive the pain of surgery without anesthesia, an infection after the surgery would usually cause death. He set out early to change this problem. He decided to use carbolic acid on a small boy with a compound fracture in his leg, in 1865. The wound didn’t become infected following the surgery. Lister’s success meant that antiseptics began to be used regularly and only fewer people died following a surgery.

Before mid 1800′s, there was nothing to dull the pain during surgery but whiskey. There were many efforts to come up with a solution. But it was a dentist, William Morton, who first used ether as a general anesthetic to painlessly remove a tumor from patient’s neck. His success led to widespread use of ether as general anesthetic.

9. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch draper who made microscopes his hobby. In 1674, he took the plaque from between his teeth, and studied under the microscope. To his wonder, he saw many little living organisms that he called ‘animalcules’.

Leeuwenhoek realized that he had discovered something very important about how diseases were caused. Indeed, he was correct!

8. Paul Ehrlich

Paul Ehrlich, when he was trying to produce vaccine for diphtheria, discovered that if a poison or toxin is introduced into the body, it will make its own anti-toxin that will destroy the toxin. These anti-toxins are called anti-bodies. They are proteins that are carried in the blood, and they travel to whichever part of the body they are needed to fight an infection. His findings are basis of modern science of immunology.

7. William Harvey

Harvey was an English physician who was the first to describe accurately how blood was pumped around the body by heart. Most people of the day believed that food was converted into blood by liver, and then, was consumed as fuel by the body.

In 1628, he described how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body, then returned to heart and then re-circulated. Valves in the heart ensured that the blood flowed only in right direction. His work became the basis for all modern research on heart and blood vessels.

6. Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Virchow was a German pathologist, archaeologist, anthropologist, and founder of cellular pathology. He formulated the ‘Cell Theory’ in which he said that every cell comes from another cell, and life begins when fertilized egg divides into billions and billions of cells that make up human being.

He was of idea that diseases originate in cell, not in tissues, organs, or whole organ system. He identified abnormal cells that cause leukemia, and described the disease correctly as a rapid increase of WBCs in the body.

At the height of his career, he was offered noble status, with the new surname ‘Von Virchow’. However, he declined the offer.

5. Edward Jenner

It is difficult to imagine that a dreaded disease, small-pox, that before 1798 killed thousands of people was wiped out from the world by 1975. It was Edward Jenner who saved the world from this dreaded disease.

He experimented with pus from cowpox sores. He found that if you injected the pus from cowpox sore into healthy person, that person would not get smallpox even if he came into contact with a person suffering from small-pox. Thus, first vaccine was born and it was a great leap forward in medicine.

4. Alexander Fleming

He once forgot to clean the dish on which he was growing bacteria, and went on a holiday. When he came back, he discovered a kind of mould growing in the dish but to his utter bewilderness the bacteria surrounding the mould has been killed. Fleming called the mould penicillin and through many more experiments he found that it killed many more germs that caused infection. Fleming’s discovery saved the life of millions through the course of time.

3. Louis Pasteur

He is one of greatest benefactors of humanity. He put forth ‘germ theory’ of disease in which he advocated and proved that most infectious diseases are caused by micro-organisms and thereby founded science of microbiology.

He is best known for his discovery of vaccine for rabies. He reasoned that if a vaccine could be found for small-pox then a vaccine could be found for all diseases. He was able to produce vaccines for anthrax, and rabies.

2. Ian Wilmut

He is the head of the team that produced Dolly, the sheep in 1996. Dolly, was no ordinary sheep. She was the replica of another living sheep; infact she was first cloned mammal.

The primary focus of cloning is to reproduce stem cells that would be used to grow replacement organs. Further, farmers can multiply animals exactly with desirable qualities. This opens a wide horizon of possibilities both phenomenal and frightening.

1. Francis Crick and James Watson

 DNA or ‘deoxyribonucleic acid’ is the hereditary information about human beings and all most all other organism. An, American scientist, Oswald Avery suggested that DNA might carry the genetic information from parent to child. But how one tiny molecule could carry so much information! Many scientists tried to explain the structure of DNA but it was finally Crick and Watson who built a double spiral of a molecule which explained the structure of DNA. It was this path breaking discovery that has secured them a duo position in list of greatest medical pioneers, the world has ever witnessed. In fact, they have discovered secret of life.

You have probably looked out into the night sky and wished upon a shooting star (which essentially are really just meteors). But that does not mean fast moving stars do not exist. Yes, they are rare (about 1 in a million), but not non-existent. The first hyper-velocity star was discovered in 2005 moving away from the centre of the galaxy at about 10 times the speed of a normal star.

9. Black holes

There really is nothing much in the universe that is much stranger than a black hole. When the mass of billions of stars is squeezed into a single point, it is called a black hole. But you cannot really see it because its gravitational pull is so strong, not even light can escape it and the black hole is therefore invisible.

8. Magnetars

If the mass of a star heavier than the sun is squeezed to a few miles in diameter. With the speed with which it spins, a magnetar gains a temporary magnetic field which is trillions of times stronger than that of Earth’s. Now this magnetic field is strong enough to render your credit card unworkable from a distance of hundreds of thousands of miles away.

7. Neutrinos

Imagine taking a penny out of your pocket and holding it up for a second. Without you noticing, about 150 billion neutrinos passed through that coin as if it were not there at all. After performing certain tests, scientists have found that neutrinos originate in the stars and from the Big Bang. What is strange about these particles is that they seem to just disappear!

6. Dark matter

If you take all of the energy and matter in the universe and pile it up into a huge chunk, you would not believe what you would observe. All of the stars, planets, comets and asteroids in all of the galaxies make up only about 23 percent of the universe. The rest of the matter is invisible to the naked eye (thus “dark” matter”)

5. Dark Energy

Just like dark matter, dark energy also makes up 77 percent of the total energy in the universe. It is thought that this is the energy that is moving the galaxies farther and farther from each other. In a few trillion years, dark energy will cause the Milky Way to become an island galaxy with no other galaxies in sight.

4. Planets

Planets might not feel all that strange because we as humans happen to live on one. But it might be difficult to imagine just how mysterious planets are. We do know that planets form out of the dust around stars. But exactly how the dust adds up to make giant planets is not yet entirely clear.

3. Gravity

The force that pulls two objects towards each other is called gravity and that is practically all we know about it. There is no definitive theory that conclusively defines the origin of this force. There is one theory that infinitesimally small particles called gravitons exude this force in matter, but it is not known whether it would ever be possible to detect these particles.

2. Life

There are all forms of matter and energy all over the universe but only in a few places are good enough to be able to sustain life. Right now we do not know whether life exists on a planet other than Earth, in the entire universe, but there are some rough estimates that it should.

1. The Universe

The mother of all mysteries is actually the universe itself. How did it come into being and if the Big Bang Theory is to be believed, exactly why that happened is difficult to determine.

10. The “5 second” rule

Contrary to popular belief, food that is dropped to the ground is not okay to be eaten even if it is picked up in five seconds. The truth is that germs are present all over the floor and they attack the food the moment it touches the ground. Would you really want to eat it now that you know that?

9.  All acids burn skin

The reality is that hundreds of different acids are known to be existent and only a handful of them are capable of disfiguring human skin. Citric acid and vinegar are examples of weak acids that we regularly take in. The three strongest known acids, not in any particular order, are nitric, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. These three in the concentrated forms are capable of causing severe burns to the skin.

8. Brain cells don’t self-replicate

Most of the cells of our body are capable of regeneration and the old dead cells are dusted off. In fact, most of the household dust is just dead cells of people. However, people thought brain cells are not capable of regeneration because that would disrupt the functioning of a brain as complex as that of a mammal. However, in 1998, scientists in Sweden conclusively proved that brain cells can in fact regenerate.

7.  “A penny dropped from the top of a tall building can kill someone on the ground”

It stands to reason that something dropped from such a height can gain enough momentum to cause some serious damage the moment it reaches the ground. But the effect of the wind combined with the miniscule mass of the penny, keeps catastrophic things from happening. A person at the bottom would at most feel a sting.

6. Lightning doesn’t strike the same place twice

This is more a proverb than a myth. Lightning can certainly strike one place twice. It is in fact quite common. Thunderbolts hit the top of the Empire State Building about 25 times per year.

5. There is no gravity in space

There is plenty of gravity in space. In fact, gravity is what makes the stars spin around the centres of galaxies. The reason why astronauts seem weightless is because they are orbiting Earth. They are being pulled towards Earth but are also moving sideways just enough to miss it.

4. There is a dark side of the moon

The only dark side of the moon is the Pink Floyd album. The reality is that sunlight hits all areas of the moon for equal amounts of time. However, approximately half the surface area of the moon is never visible from Earth. This is because the moon rotates around its own axis in exactly the same time it takes to spin around Earth.

3. Evolution means “getting better”

Evolution simply means “survival of the fittest”. Some creatures have changed a lot and some little. Some have even changed in ways that do not look like improvements at the first glance. Examples of living things that have remained practically unchanged over long periods of time are mosses, fungi and sharks.

2.Humans explode in the vacuum of space

The only source of this myth is sci-fi movies. Humans are capable of surviving brief encounters with empty space as long as they exhale beforehand.

1.Synthetic chemicals are dangerous

Many of the chemicals made in labs are exactly the same as those found in nature. Most of the prescription drugs are formulated in labs and are exactly the opposite of dangerous.

[#10] Explorer 1, First Satellite, U.S.:

The satellite Explorer 1 took 3 years to be complete and it was launched in the year 1958. The dimensions of the satellite are: 80 inches long and diameter 6.25 inches, 30.8 pounds weight, rotations around tt6he earth per day is 12 and a half. The purpose of the satellite was to measure the cosmic rays in the atmosphere above the earth. The Explorer 1 was able to rotate 56,000 times around the earth before dipping in earth’s atmosphere in March 1970. Before the Explorer 1 entered the orbit, the data the scientist received showed cosmic ray activity much lower than expected. Dr, Van Allen proposed a theory that that the satellite passed through a radiation belt which destroyed the satellite’s detector. This radiation belt he was talking about later came to be known as ‘Van Allen radiation belts’ after confirming his theory.

[#9] Hubble Space Telescope:

This telescope was launched in 1990 after 15 years of work by the astronomer Edwin Hubble. It took eight years to assemble and test 400,000 parts of the telescope and 41,843 km of wiring. It was then set to go in the orbits in the late 80’s but due to Challenger disaster of 1989 forced to shift the launch to 1990. The telescope was able to provide the view of the universe which never seen before and even imagined. It allowed Hubble to prove his theory of expansion of universe. He deduced the theory on the basis of the changing nature of stars. With this telescope people were able to see the universe view in 10 times resolution and 50 times sensitivity even by sitting at their homes.

[#8] Chandra X-Ray Observatory:

This observatory was formed in 1999. This launch by NASA was the most sensitive telescope which uses X-Ray to have the clarity of even a split second in which space particles disappear in black hole. It uses X-rays which are high-energy particles and record the images and pictures based on fluctuations in energy. The sensitivity is, therefore, 25 times better that the Hubble telescope and rotates around the earth 200 times that of Hubble’s altitude. So far, we have seen many images from the Chandra X-Ray observatory which includes quasars, remnants, exploding stars, matter disappearing into black hole, dark matter, nebulae, etc. Also, on the basis of its records, it states that light exists for 10 billion years.

[#7] Pioneer 10, visiting Jupiter:

No one ever imagined that any man-made thing would cross the earth and reach another planet and so they never tried it. But this was before 1972. In 1972, Pioneer 10 changed everything and the impossibility was turned positive. It reached to the farthest planet from the Earth which is Jupiter. It was also able to cross the asteroid belt lying between both the planets which made it a hurdle in the path to the outer planets. When it reached Jupiter, we were able to receive the first ever observations of some outer planet. And then there was no looking back; it further travelled in space and left the solar system in 1983 and reached interstellar space in 1983. In 2003, we received the last transmission from Pioneer 10 and it was from a distance of 12.2 billion km away from our planet.

[#6] Apollo 13:

Apollo 13 was launched on 11^th April 1970, to reach moon. After 55 hours and 55 minutes, there was an explosion which was big enough to destroy all the life present onboard. The explosion was a result of shutting down of one engine around two minutes before liftoff. The crew on Apollo 13 completed their television broadcast from the space to inform America that all was well. But minutes after this, there was an explosion which led a sequence of disasters one after the other; oxygen tanks and fuel cells, all were gone. The crew included astronauts Fred Hayes, James Lovell and John Swigert, who survived on no oxygen, no power, water, food, heat and light, sleep nothing. The team in NASA’s mission Control worked hard and calculated the possible ways to return home safely and found a way using sun. It landed in the Pacific Ocean on April 17 and the astronauts were fine but the spacecraft was totally damaged.

[#5] Space Shuttle:

After the failing of Apollo in 1972, the scientists at NASA wanted to design a reusable spacecraft to save money and also bring up a new level in technology. This was a challenging task. The previous spacecraft was protected by an equipment that seared when it was about to re-enter earth, so that must be changed. They used tiles made of ceramic to coat the spacecraft. Also the landing was improper and it occurred in Ocean. Overall, it took 9 years to complete the design and in 1981, the Space Shuttle was launched successfully. It is a reusable spacecraft in use till present.

[#4] International Space Station (ISS):

Exploring the universe, the planets, and the space beyond our solar system, takes not only months but years. The human is designed that it can survive in earth and not in space. So there must be a permanent Space Station. International Space Station is the best known till today. Salyut 1(1971) by Russia lasted less than one year, Skylab(1973) by US lasted less than two years, Mir(1986) again by Russia lasted till 2001. The ISS was on its orbit in 1998 and received the first crew in 2000. It is 108.5m long and 72.8m wide which is more than three times Mir with a weight of 450 tons.

[#3] Mars Pathfinder:

This mission was to explore by making through the atmosphere of Mars, land safely on it, and let a robot roam around. In 1996, December, the Pathfinder flew from the surface of Earth and landed on mars after travelling 309 million miles in July 1997. This mission was successful and the Mrs Pathfinder was recording data and images and collected total data of 2.3 billion bits which is more than 17,000 pictures and many other recordings. The pathfinder taught NASA that once upon a time mars was warm, wet, and friendly in terms of human survival but now the things are changed. But exploring mars is possible.

[#2] Freedom 7:

Alan Shepard was the first American astronaut who orbited the earth on 5 May 1961. Yuri Gagarin was the first person to reach space but Shepard was NASA’s member to go for human space flight. The countdown took more than 24 hours and the launch was halted many times to check the minor equipments. Then all was set to go but suddenly clouds appeared. The weather was not an issue for the launch but for the photographer to record an historical moment. So they postpone the launch till the weather cleared. After further checking the equipments, NASA launched at 9.34 AM which was 25 hours from the countdown. He reached at 187.5km above the earth ans it took him 15 minutes 28 seconds to travel 303 miles with a speed of 8,262kph around earth. He landed with a splash in Atlantic Ocean. This was really an achievement for NASA.

[#1] Apollo 11:

After 20 days of Alan Shepard travelled around the Earth, NASA got its mission to take America to moon. It took complete 8 years of hard work. In 1967 NASA initiated Apollo 1 but on the launch pad NASA lost three astronauts due to a fire. After that NASA scientists tried equipments one after other till they designed Apollo 11 which proved to be a success in the mission to land on moon. Neil Armstrong landed on moon on 20 July, 1969. In front of the whole world he spoke the words – “ one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

10. HOME APPLIANCES

Invention of fridge, microwave, television, digital camera, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, air conditioner, music systems have made the life of a man quite simple and easy. Televisions or LCD’s play a very fine role in getting daily updates, having fun, and in gaining knowledge. Commercial microwave ovens require less effort in preparing and re-heating the food. Almost all kind of baked and grilled dishes can be enjoyed at home with its use. The first refrigerator was introduced in 1922. It helps to store food or other items healthy for a considerable amount of time which is impossible without a fridge. Washing machines and vacuum cleaners give good contribution in reducing exertion due to work. Similarly, cameras, music systems, etc. have their own applications and significance.

9. CREDIT AND DEBIT CARD TECHNOLOGY

Development of credit and debit cards has provided man a safe view of living and enjoying his life. Carrying large amount of cash has always been risky and space consuming. Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) were first made known to world in June 1967 in United Kingdom by John Shephed Barron. They are also known as ‘automated banking machine’. ATM’s are now present almost everywhere which permits cash withdrawal on the basis of PIN number. The concept of credit card is bit different. It permits to expense up to the valid limit and the details with the bill are sent to you after a particular period of time. “Swap and shop” has made this technology more popular. ‘Plastic money’ or cards are very safe and cool but if they are lost, there are chances of losses (due to any fraud or theft). So it is advised to follow serious precautions on such type of issues.

8. INTERNET

Internet technology is in top position of those lists of technologies which have impacted humans. Basically, when many computer networks get interconnected with each other, a global system is formed is developed termed as ‘Internet’. It provides great flexibility in terms of working hours and location. It has secured its place in almost every field (like business, politics, education, advertisement, shopping etc.) with which a man can associate himself. It has been estimated that after the invention of WWW in 1989, more than 25 percent people of the world are accessing internet. Telecommunication, information exchange, real time interactions, data transfers, work collaborations has become an easy task by its discovery.

7. WHEEL

Wheel is the oldest and greatest invention of man which has made this world smaller and smaller. It is believed that wheel was invented six thousand years ago. Wheel has always been of primary use no matter earlier they were of wood and now they are structured through rubber and steel. The discovery of wheel has served the world’s economy and participated in the progress of industry and technology.  Windmill, water wheel, vehicles, chariots, cogs and pulleys came into existence through wheel. If on one side it increases the efficiency of man than on the other side it has created a space of life’s risk for man. Possibilities of accidents, turbines pollution, guns are havoc to mankind.

6. DNA DOUBLE HELIX

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the blueprint of all hereditary material in all living organisms. A very famous Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher made the discovery of DNA (nuclein). Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) are four nitrogenous bases of DNA. These chemical bases make 20 amino acids whose order determines what protein is made. In every cell, DNA codes have vital functions which are needed to sustain life. Replication is one of the important properties of DNA. All organisms from bacteria to humans have same DNA system as a genetic code. It has superseded many tests used for human identity and relationship testing. In addition to its medicinal application, it also has a vast use in criminal applications.

5. STEAM ENGINE

Steam engine is the most pivotal and appreciable discovery of 18^th century by James Watt. It has also been vital for Industrial revolution. It is basically a kind of external combustion engine. It uses steam and a working fluid to perform mechanical work. Steam engines can be sited in steam ships, steam tractors, steam turbines, railway steam locomotives, steam hammers and pile drivers which then result in more production of energy than estimated by other kinds of heat engines. It has replaced horse-pulley type of engines in the field of transportation. Coal burning, natural gas and nuclear reactor are all sources of heating steam.

4. COMPUTER

Computer has revolutionized human life. Charles Babbage is the ‘Grand Father of computer but first PC computer was invented in 1981 by IBM. A computer is an electronic device which accepts user input (data), computes that input data and stores result accordingly. Computers have advanced all variety of realms including media, marketing, communication, work efficiency, social interactions, shopping, etc. They have incredible speed and so are capable of completing amazing feats. The advent of computers has greatly reduced the load on human brain and manual work. Moreover laptops, notebooks, and ultra books are advance forms of computer.

 3. PENICILLIN

A Scottish bacteriologist, Alexander Fleming discovered ‘penicillin’ in London in 1928. Penicillin is an antibiotic which is capable of fighting with bacterial infections and infectious diseases in humans. It acted as wonder drug for those who suffered during the World War II. It has served large number of people in saving their lives. They are of various types including Penicillin V, amoxicillin, etc. These drugs are usually safe but may sometimes cause severe allergic reactions. Its high efficacy and availability has made it a front-line tool of medicines all around the world.

2. MOBILE PHONES

In April 1973, the first practical mobile phone was discovered by Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola. Gradually the advancement in computing, software and applications, standard set of services, hi-tech animations and many more technologies paved the way in the development of modern and high quality mobile phones. Though they help in person-to-person communication (even in remote locations) in a more efficient way than telephones, they are in great demand. They also possess features which not only help to communicate but also act as a rich source of entertainment and knowledge. They have such a wide range that even a below average salary person can afford it.

1. ELECTRICITY

It is truly said that ‘Humans would be nothing without electricity’. Electricity was not invented by any person. But some scientists and few groups of Greek, Phoenicians, Mesopotamian, and Parthians philosophers illustrated the effect and presence of electricity long before 1831. Michael faraday, Benjamin Franklin, Charles Coulomb are some of the famous scientists who had large contribution in changing the human life. There is rarely any aspect of modern life which could sustain on the planet without electricity. Hospitals, banks, household works, etc are all heavily dependent on the use of electricity. Electricity, being the basis of most modern inventions, life without it is undoubtedly out of imagination.

10. Vladimir Komarov:

The Russian astronaut Vladimir was a test pilot for soviet and an aerospace engineer, who was selected to the first group of cosmonauts in the year 1960. He was appointed as the commander of the Soyuz 1 in 1967 as a backup cosmonaut to Yuri Gagarin. In July 1996, he went to space in Soyuz 1 space shuttle which however, became the cause of his death. During its return journey back to earth, the main parachute did not deploy properly resulting in the crash-landing of the shuttle, thereby killing Vladimir. After his death, he was awarded with the ‘Order of Lenin’ and ‘Order of Hero of Soviet Union Honors.

9. Georgi Dobrovolski:

George was a Soviet cosmonaut who was chosen as a part of the second Soviet crew. This Soviet cosmonaut too was unfortunate to lose his life, after Vladimir Komarov, during his space flight in Soyuz 11. The shuttle had landed safely on land but when the cabin was opened the crew members were found dead. Later, it was realized that just after entering the earth’s orbit, a valve had opened, due to which the atmosphere of the capsule had escaped into the space suffocating the crew members to death. He was posthumously awarded the honor of ‘Order of Lenin’, ‘Hero of the Soviet Union’ and ‘Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR’.

8. David M Brown:

David was a navy captain in United State Nation and later on becoming a NASA Astronaut. He was born in Arlington and completed his higher studies from William and Mary College and pursued his B. Sc in biology. Along with his college he used to act in Circus as an acrobat. After completing his internship from the Medical University in Carolina he joined the Navy as a surgeon. In 1996, he was selected and trained by NASA and later on he was qualified as a mission specialist for STS-107 however he had to meet the same ill-fate as all other six crew members of Columbia Space Shuttle.

7.  Laurel Clark:

Laurel Blair Salton Clark was an expertise NASA Astronaut and United States Navy Captain. She joined the Aerospace Medical Association as a surgeon along with her husband Jonathan Clark. She was chosen as a mission specialist in the Columbia Space Shuttle Mission where she along with her six crew members perished during re-entry of its Spaceflight. She used to conduct several biography experiments which include gardening in space etc. She also got the chance of handling VMA-211 Squadron where her squadron won Marine Squadron Attack award due to her deployments like one overseas to the Pacific, medicine in an austere environment etc.

6. Ilan Ramon:

Ilan Ramon was the first Israeli astronaut who was earlier a fighter pilot and Colonel in Israeli Air Force. He was a payload expertise of STS-107, the Space Shuttle Columbia Mission in which he along with his six crew members lost their lives. He completed his B. Sc in electronics and computers from Tel Aviv University. When he was in Israeli Force he used to fly continuously for thousands of hours. In 1997 he was selected for space shuttle mission, where his prime focus was to look after a multispectral camera that records aerosols. He was honored with ‘Operation Peace of Galilee’ and ‘Congressional Space Medal Of Honor’.

5. Ronald Ervin McNair:

Ronald McNair was an African-American engineer, scientist and NASA astronaut who died during the launch of Space Shuttle Challenger in the year 1986. McNair was chosen as one of the thirty-five candidates from a group of ten thousand astronauts in the NASA astronaut program. In 1984, he successfully flew on Challenger for STS-41-B as a mission specialist, making him the second Afro-American to go to space. Following this mission, he was chosen for STS-41-L which faced a component malfunctioning leading to an explosion of the spacecraft killing all the seven crew members. In his honor, a crater on the moon is named as McNair.

4. Christa McAuliffe:

Christa was an American teacher and also a part of a crew whose members were killed in the Space Shuttle disaster. She also participated in the NASA Teacher in Space Project and became a member of the STS-51-L mission. She planned to conduct scientific experiments in areas like chromatography, magnetism, hydroponics and Newton’s laws and teach lessons from Shutter Challengers in the space which would be directly telecasted to millions of school children. On January 28 1986, the seven membered crew boarded the spacecraft and just 72 seconds after its launch, it exploded into crashes killing Christa along with the other six members. This spreads a shock wave in the whole of America and she was posthumously awarded the title of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

3. Rick D. Husband:

Rick Husband was an astronaut of American origin who was also a United States Air Force Colonel and the space shuttle commander of Columbia. In 1994, husband was selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate who was then sent to the Johnson Space Centre for training. He flew on STS-96 successfully in 1999 where he stayed in space for 10 days to perform the first docking with the International Space Station. Following this mission, he was made the commander of the crew of STS-107 in 2003 which was a sixteen days long program with the aim of improving life on earth. However, Columbia met its sad end on February 1, 2003 when the spacecraft disintegrated upon re-entry into the earth killing Husband and all other crew members.

2. Kalpana Chawla:

Kalpana Chawla was an Indian-American astronaut who flew on Columbia as a mission specialist and was one of the seven victims of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in the year 2003. She joined NASA in 1995 as a NASA Astronaut Corp. She first flew on Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and a primary robotic arm operator and traveled 10.4 million kilometers in the space, which is as much as traveling 252 times around the earth. She holds the distinction of being the first Indian woman to go to space. She was posthumously honored with Congressional Space Medal of Honor, NASA Distinguished Service Medal and NASA Space Flight Medal.

1. Michael P. Anderson:

Michael was a Lieutenant Colonel in United States Navy. He was selected by NASA in 1994 and then reported to the Johnson Space Centre where he was trained for one year. Then he went for two missions: STS-89 and STS-107 logging 593 hours in space. However the second mission proved fatal for him as the spacecraft explodes during re-entry into the earth, 16 minutes before the scheduled landing. He was posthumously awarded with ‘Congressional Space Medal of Honor’.

#10] Colour of Universe

The colour of Universe was declared as Cosmic Latte by an astronomers’ team of Johns Hopkins University. Universe is greenish white was determined by Karl Glazebrook along with Ivan Baldry in the year 2001, but they corrected it in their paper in 2002 stating that there is a beige white color formed when all the light colors are added up. The paper carried details about that survey done on more than 200,000 galaxies and a significantly large volume of universe was covered. After declaring that Glazebrook was looking forward to have some suggestions on the name of this new color, he selected “Cosmic Latte” as the final name. This color has the hexadecimal RGB value #FFF8E7.

#9] Super-fluid Helium

When a matter gains fluid properties but no viscosity and no entropy, it is said to be in superfluid state. The matter appears like a normal liquid and is capable of flowing without friction on any surface. Superfluid helium-4 is a special type is superfluid that produces Josephson Effect. In helium-4’s liquid state, it can achieve superfluidity at temperatures higher than that required by helium-3. Difference between helium-3 and helium-4 is that helium-3 will form bosons by forming a pair with itself at lower temperatures, whereas helium-4 will form boson particle and has zero spin.

#8] Energy of Typical Hurricane

A typical hurricane can produce energy equivalent to that produces by 8,000 one megaton bombs!! If you are wondering where do these hurricane gains this much energy, well, the answer is warm water and heat. The amount moister in the air is equally proportional to the heat of warm water. You can understand the function of a Hurricane by relating it to the working a heat engine. Just like an engine, it takes it takes input as heat from the warm, moist air found over tropical ocean, condenses the vapours to form droplets and releases heat. There is a certain amount of kinetic energy which is generated by the winds of hurricane to add up to the energy released by condensation process.

#7] Animals raining from sky

History shows that in many countries, animals do actually rain from the sky by a meteorological phenomenon depicting the power of the meteorological pull. Fish, frogs, and birds are most likely to fall when we talk about falling animals. Fishes can easily survive the fall and in case of frogs they get startled but after a short time gets back to the normal behaviour and remain healthy. Some of them die and enclose in blocks of ice. Such falls are witnessed recently like: fishes in 2006, India; frogs and toads in 2005 in Serbia, fish rain in Wales in 2004, frogs in 1998 in London.

#6] Heal wounds quickly using Fly Larvae

It is medically proved and was discovered long ago. The wounds of the soldiers with maggots healed better and quickly because maggots eat bacteria and dead skin. This turned into a therapy named Maggot Therapy/ Maggot Debridement Therapy/ Larval Therapy/ Larva Therapy/ larvae Therapy. They use live disinfected fly larvae and introduce them on the skin with tissue wounds on animals as well as humans. Once they clean the dead skin or tissue, they are removed and the wound heals faster.

#5] Masses will dance hysterically if poisoned

In between the 14^th century and 17^th century, mainland Europe, the people used to dance on the streets till they exhaust and fall; they used to twist and writhe even after collapsing. They used to foam at the mouth which was because they were poisoned. This was first witnessed in Germany in 1374. It increased in 1418, Strasbourg. It was named as the Dancing mania period. In some cases the study showed that they were poisoned by Claviceps purpurea which is a small fungus containing toxic, alkaloids, lysergic acid, etc. this fungus was present in the rye eaten by them.

#4] Black holes

If you are under the confusion that black holes are black than know that they are not. They are dark but not black. Actually, they slightly glow and emit light across the whole spectrum which includes visible light range also. This emitting or radiation is termed as “Hawking radiation”. It is named so because Stephen Hawking, Mathematics Professor at Cambridge University discovered this existence of the light. They lose mass due this continuous emitting light and will evaporate completely eventually until and unless they have some other source to sustain them like interstellar light and gas.

#3] Listen to crickets to know the outside temperature

You may not like the chirps of a cricket but they don’t do this randomly; if you listen to them carefully, you can determine the temperature, that too the exact temperature on a Fahrenheit thermometer. To calculate temperature from the chirps, count the number of chirps they make in 15 seconds and add 37 to the number counted. This final answer is the exact temperature in Fahrenheit.

#2] Kissing is healthy

Kissing someone gives you pleasure, presents a sign of love, ends you date appropriately, connects you with your partner, makes your love passionate, and everything like that. But apart from this, kissing is actually very, very good for health. It is proved by researchers that kissing improves the immune system and increases the oxytocin level of the body and helps in relaxing the body. It also burns calories and makes your facial muscles stronger. So, if it does these many positive effects to your body, think before you deny one.

#1] Chickens can live headless

All the chickens need for surviving is that their brain stem is intact, after that you may cut its head and yet it will live. A case with a farmer, Lloyd Olsen, tells us that after being hit by an axe, the carotid artery, one ear, and brain stem was all that was left on its head. The chicken was fed using an eye dropper and was given milk and water. The chicken survived for 18 months, and all the systems working just normally like a healthy chicken. This case got popular by the name “Miracle Mike” as Mike was the chicken’s name. Research and study after this case proved that they can actually live without head but not without an intact brain stem.

10. Jerome Hal Lemelson

Born in - 1923

Died in – 1997

Popular Inventions – 605 patents

His invention are countless. He was one of the prolific inventor in the history. He invented industrial robots, video cassette recorder and many more. May phone was the invention of graham bell but the cordless telephones and fax machines were first invented by Jerome Hal Lemelson. The magnetic-tape driver that is used in ”Sony’s walkman tape recorder” was also one of the invention of Jerome Hal Lemelson. His patents also working in the feild of medical science to detect and to treat the cancer.

9. William Shockley

Born in - 13 Feb,1910

Died in - 12 August,1989

Popular Inventions – Transistors

An american based physicist who is a co-inventor of first amplifying semiconductor, the transistor. After that he invented first junction transistor a three layered sandwich style. In 1939 he designed the first nuclear reactor. In 1956 he received Nobel Prize for his great achievements in physics.

8. Albert Einstein

Born in - 14 March,1879 German

Died in - 18 April 1955

Popular Inventions – theory of relativity, mass-energy equivalence.

This name does not need any introduction. He is played an important role in the history of invention. His brain has been a subject of research and speculation for the scientists. He is a father of modern physics. He received an Nobel Prize for his formula mass-energy equivalence in 1921. He also discover the theory of relativity.

7. Thomas Edison

Born in - Feb 11,1847 Milan, Ohio

Died in – 1931

Popular Inventions – Tin Foil Phonograph, Light bulb, Film and Audio Devices.

He is the most popular inventor who changed the world with his great invention. His invention of light bulb brings revolution in the history of invention. Today, we simply switch on the light and the whole darkness turns to brightness. It is the most important amenities in our daily life. This becomes possible only by the gift of light bulb given by Thomas Edison to us. His first invention was tin foil phonograph but the most popular is Light Bulb.

6. Nikola Tesla

Born in - 10 July, 1856

Died in - 7 January, 1943

Popular Inventions – AC technology

May the electric bulb was the invention of Edison but the Nikola Tesla make it possible to cover long distances – a nationwide electric power grid. He invented the first Alternate current technology AC. Now electricity is available in every corner of the world just because AC technology. We can easily connect everything from bulb to computer with this electric grid.

5. Johannes Gutenberg

Born in – 1847

Died in – 1468

Popular Inventions – Printing Press

Gutenberg is an inventor of printing press. He invented press in the early 1436. his invention of printing press brought a revolution in the publishing of books. It also flourish the arts and science development through the transmission of texts. His printing press was movable metallic press machine which was earlier made up of wood. He used oil-based ink in the printing press and it remained in fashion until 20th century.

4. Alexander Graham Bell

Born in – 3 March,1847

Died in – 2 August,1922

Popular Inventions – Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell is a well known inventor. He invented a telephone in 1876 when he was just a 23 year old. He established his own telephone company in 1876. He make us possible to communicate with each other. His invention make us feel closer to each other. Today, may there are many mobile phones are available in the market but this concept was first lunched by the Graham Bell. Here is a very interesting fact about the Alexander Graham Bell who made phone but his mother and a wife was totally deaf. He got inspiration to invent phone from his mother and his wife. His father and a brother was also helped him in his inventions.

3. Charles Babbage – father of computer

Born in – 26 December,1791

Died in – 18 October,1871

Popular Inventions – Computer

We all know CPU is called as the brain of computer but the actual brain who invented the computer is Charles Babbage. It is one of the greatest invention in the world which give birth to other inventions. He invented the first mechanical computer and part of which is placed in Science Museum of London. Apart from the computer he is well know for mathematics.

2. Nicolas Joseph Cugnot

Born in – 26 Feb,1725

Died in – 2 October,1804

Popular Inventions – Automobile

Invention of automobile was not created by any single inventor also it didn’t involve a single tool. History began with the invention of wheel. Different parts of the automobiles are invented by different inventors. But the first three wheeled steam vehicle with an average of 2.3 mph was invented by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot in 1771 for the minister of french.

1. Thomas Newcomen

Born in - 24 Feb,1664

Died in - 5 August,1729

Popular Inventions – Steam Engine

Steam Engine brought a great revolution in the field of science and technologies. Thomas Newcomen invented first atmospheric engine. It was used to pump out the water from mines. Newcomen’s engine was revised by James watt’s engine. There were many reasons to invent this steam engine – flooding and to decrease the depth of mines to extract the mineral.

However refining a career choice in engineering may be, information regarding the performance of private engineering colleges is very important. Almost all private colleges offer placements and have considerably good infrastructure. Hence, in a way, it becomes difficult to choose. A credible system that ranks these institutions on the basis of performance can be extremely helpful in gauging the standards of private institutions. There are many private institutions that are equally good in comparison to the coveted IITs and NITs. To help on deciding which private colleges are the best, here is a list of the top 10 private Engineering Colleges in the descending order.

10. SSN College of Engineering

Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, SSN in short, is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The college came into existence in the year 1996. In the beginning, it was affiliated to Anna University, Chennai. It is now an autonomous engineering institute. It is amongst the best engineering institutions in Tamil Nadu. Admissions to this university are strictly on the basis of merit. The institution is equipped with the latest infrastructure and has exhibited an excellent placement record.

9. RV College of Engineering

The Raashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering is located in Bangalore. It was established in the year 1963 by the Rashtreeya Sikshana Samiti Trust in Bangalore. It is the best private engineering college in Bangalore and this fact has been attested by all major accreditation agencies like the NBA and NAAC. Top multinational Corporations come to the college to recruit its students. The institute is popularly referred to as the Centre for Excellence by the Union Government.

8. Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology

The Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology is located in Gandhinagar in Gujarat. It is by far the best private educational institute in the state with an excellent placement record and top class infrastructure. The University has figured in the list of top ten private engineering institutes for nearly four years now.

7. Veeramata Jijabai Technological Institute

The Veeramata Jijabai Technological Institue is in Mumbai. The institute was formerly known as Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute. It came into being in the year 1887 and is one of the oldest Engineering institutes in Asia. It is a premier educational institute that has been functioning autonomously from early 2000. But, the Maharashtra Government funds many projects that the university undertakes. It is the best engineering institute in the state of Maharashtra and has lived up to its excellence for over a decade now after it was renamed VJIT in the year 1997.

6. Vellore Institute of Technology

Vellore Institute of Technology, popularly called VIT in short, has been one of the best private institutes for a very long time. It has been accredited by all major rating agencies for its brilliant infrastructure and enchanting campus. The University is located in Vellore in Tamil Nadu. It is the second best private engineering institute in this southern state of India.

5. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology

This university was founded by Karan Chand Thapar in the year 1956. It is situated in Punjab. The institute attracts students from all over the country. The standard of teaching is excellent and the university has a placement record of over ninety-nine percent.

4. PSG College of Technology, Tamil Nadu

The PSG College of Technology is an autonomous, government aided institution and is affiliated to Anna University. It is THE best private engineering institute in the state of Tamil Nadu. It offers courses in nearly fifteen branches of engineering. Established in the year 1951, it has lived up to its reputation ever since.

3. Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Mesra

The BIT Mesra is a coveted engineering institute located in Ranchi, Jharkhand. The institute takes in students on the basis of the BITSAT entrance exam. The Institute was founded in 1956 and has figured in the list of top ten private engineering colleges for nearly four years.

2. Manipal Institute of Technology

Manipal Institute of Technology, popularly known as MAHE in short, is located in Mangalore, Karnataka. It was established in 1957 and has been consistent in its appearance in the list of top ten private engineering institutions.  The university offers a flurry of other courses apart from engineering and is the most reputed and esteemed college in Karnataka after the RV College of Engineering.

1. Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani

The Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences has been the top Private Engineering Institute for more than a decade. The University has signed MOUs and collaborated with the best engineering institutes in the world. The infrastructure is splendid. The Campus Placement record is inarguably the best. It is THE best private nngineering Institute in India and finds a place among the best ten engineering colleges of the countries. The institute is located at Pilani in Rajasthan.

10. FINAL FANTASY XI

I know many might wonder what this game is doin on this list while others might be joyed to have their favourite game at point included. Nevertheless, we cannot forget what FFXI did to the genre since its release a decade ago in 2012. We all can relate how utterly engaging Final Fantasy can be but it could not maintain its graphics and visual with the time as it did with its offline successors of the series. Widely famous in Japan in particular FFXI has always had decent number of active accounts and with latest releases it hopes in doing even better but it is yet to be seen how good Square Enix can hold off against MMORPG powehouses Blizzard and Turbine.

9.  ANARCHY ONLINE

It might not be the most popular MMORPG or even close at the moment it will certainly go down as one of the most prominent games of the genre. Talking about one of the best MMORPG of all time it would be a huge disrespect to exclude Anarchy Online which was Funcom’s giant at the time of its release back in 2001. It was the first in the genre to include a science fiction setting, free trails, dynamic quests,instancing and in game advertisement which initially paved the way for modern MMORPG. It is the oldest survivor in this genre.

8. Dark Age of Camelot

Discussing greatest MMORPG of all times, Dark Age of Camelot (DAoC) celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2011 and without a doubt it is still one of the most popular MMORPG there is even after a decade. Its medieval fantasy world has been ever engaging gamers, although down to clusters of servers today it is still very fun and very much alive. It is no surprise to know that many of veteran MMORPG gamers today started their journey in the genre with this masterpiece which later paved way to its succerors.

7.  DUNGEONS AND DRAGONS ONLINE

After the start of Free to Play, Turbine, Inc, for Microsoft Windows have brought their MMORPG title back on the competition amogst other powehouse of its genre. Still favoured by its loyal gamers D&D still remains on the race of supreme MMORPG in 2012. With latest improvements and regular update the number of users are climbing up and look promising enough to have D&D on the list of best MMORPG ever for quite some time in near future.

6. Eve Online

CCP Games with their epic ingame depth and endless possibilities in their hugely favoured MMORPG Eve Online shows signs of genre domination in future. This already stunning and mentally arresting game which might have set off its beginning gamers due to its complexity and in-depth gameplay steadily rises amongst others in its genre. Many believe this one will set the new pace in for MMORPG in the coming age even after the face of the chart toppers changes. Eve Online is here for the long run. In a galaxy of over 7,500 star systems the only limitation is your imagination.

5. The Lord of The Rings Online

LoTRO, as fan call it was released in 2007 by Turbine, based on immensely popular book and movie of the same name. It was originally subscription based only but now is a Free to Play MMORPG. With updates and expansions even every few years LoTRO and recently added Free to Play, has been able to increase their number gamers through out the years. Its fine edge graphics and PvM, Player vs Monster feature sets it aside from other similar games of the genre. It is still very popular MMORPG and one of the best games for fans of the series with its latest expansion to be released in September 2012.

4. EVERQUEST 2

An installation to famous MMORPG Everquest of 1999, Everquest 2 developed by Sony Online Entertainment, shipped on 2004 becomes a new sensation in its genre. With latest graphical advancements and gameplay improvements over its predecessor, Everquest 2 has established itself as one of the best game in the genre. Many believe it is the best MMORPG experience they have had but it is making a steady climb to rival the most popular and successful counterparts such as Wow and RuneScape.

3. Guild Wars 2

Guild Wars 2 is one of its kind MMORPG which features a storyline that is responsive to player’s actions. Though this might now sound new in single player games but its is completely new for multiplayer environment. Developed by ArenaNet, this MMORPG has a long list of faithful gamers but it is yet to see how good it holds in sustaining its submission-free business model. If everything goes as good as it looks then ArenaNet might have what it takes to overthrow WoW from its throne in the near future.

2. RuneScape

RuneScape is a fantasy MMORPG published by Jagex Games Studio in January 2001. Since its release more than a decade ago it still has approximately 10 million active accounts per month with nearly 200 million registered accounts, still being arguably one of the best MMORPG of all time. Recognized by the Guiness World Records as the world’s most popular free MMORPG, RuneScape still holds supreme after more than a decade. The fight is still on for the throne as new and advanced counterparts compete with the veteran MMORPG for the title of the most popular one in the genre but RuneScape has come a long way with ther graphical browser game now updated in HD following harsh criticism in the past. It is simple with no downloads, all you need is internet, browser and a free account to play.

1. WORLD OF WARCRAFT

Yes, we all knew which was on the top of the list but still your wait is over. For anyone who has a little knowledge about MMORPG, World of Warcraft (often abbreviated as WoW) is not a new name. Since the first game realease of Warcraft Universe back in 1994, Blizzard Entertainment has remained remarkbly consistent with their update bringing massively addictive gameplay and endless gaming hours for their loyal gamers by constantly engaging them into their Warcraft Saga, also making new ones on the way. The relentless hours of gameplay with stunning graphics and never ending quests and new realms, MMORPG gamers around the world have been hynotized with WoW for years now. World of Warcraft remains the most-subscribed MMORPG and also holds the Guiness World Record for the most popular MMORPG by subscribers and it does not seems like its gonna let go without a proper duel.